A. TENSES

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Theory : Structure of sentence

1.       Positive Sentence
     • Subject + Main verb + Object
     • Subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object

Note: If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” then “s” or “es” is added to the first form of verb or base form in the sentence.

2.       Negative Sentences
   • Subject + auxiliary verb +NOT + Main verb +object
   • Subject + Do not/Does not + 1st form of verb (or base form) + object

Note: In negative sentence auxiliary verb “do or does” along with “not” is used. If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun”, then “Does not” is used after subject in sentence. If subject is “I, we, they, you or plural” then “Do not” is used after subject in sentence. “s” or “es” is not added to main verb in negative sentence

3.       Interrogative Sentence
   • Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb + Object
   • Do/Does + Subject + 1st for of verb (or base verb) + Object

Note: If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” the sentence is started with Auxiliary verb “Does”. If the subject in a sentence is “I, we, they, you or plural” the sentence is started with auxiliary verb “Do”. “s” or “es” is not added to main verb in Interrogative sentence

Function : It is used to express an action in present time, habitual or usual actions or daily event or universal fact. It is used to express an action in present time which is usually done on a regular basis. Rules. 1st form of verb or base verb is used as main verb in sentence.

Examples :

1. She drinks water

2. I do not listen a music

3. Does he sing a song?

4. Sun rises in east

5. They do not read a book.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Theory : Structure of sentence

1.       Positive Sentence
    • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object
    • Subject + am/is/are + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object

If the subject is “I” then auxiliary verb “am” is used after subject in sentence.
If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “is” is used after subject in sentence.
If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “are” is used after subject in sentence.
The participle “ing” is added to the 1st form of verb i.e. going (go) writing (write)

2.       Negative Sentence
   • Subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object
   • Subject + am/is/are + not + (1st form of verb + ing) + object

Rules for using auxiliary verbs (am or is or are) after subject in negative sentences are same as mentioned above.

3.       Interrogative Sentences
    • Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object
    • Am/is/are + Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object

For making interrogative sentences, the sentence is started with auxiliary verb rather than putting auxiliary verb inside the sentence. If the subject is “I” the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “am”. If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “is”. If subject is “You, They or plural” the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “are”.

Function : It is used to express a continued or ongoing action at present time. It expresses an action which is in progress at the time of speaking. Such actions which are happening at time of speaking are expressed by present continuous tense. Present Continuous tense is also called Present progressive tense. Rules. Auxiliary verb “am or is or are” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb + ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.

Examples :

1. I am listening to the news.

2. It is raining.

3. They are playing basketball.

4. She is not riding on horse

5. Are you washing your clothes?

3. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Theory : Structure of sentences

1.       Positive Sentence
   • Subject + main verb (past simple) + object
   • Subject + 2nd form of verb (past simple) + object

2.       Negative sentences
   • Subject + (auxiliary verb + not) main verb (base form) + object
   • Subject + did not + 1st form of verb or base form + object

In negative sentence “did not” is written and the 1st form of verb (base verb) is used instead of using 2nd form (or past simple verb).

3.       Interrogative sentences
   • Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (base verb) + object
   • Did + subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + object

Interrogative sentence starts with “did” and the 1st form of verb (base verb) is used instead of using 2nd form (or past simple verb).

Function : It is used to express an action that happened or completed in past, usually a very little time before speaking, or action which is just completed. Time of action is not specified in terms of long time ago or short ago but it make a sense that the action has done a little time ago. Rules:2nd form of verb (past simple) is used as main verb in the positive sentences and base form is used in negative and interrogative sentences.

Examples :

1. I killed a rat

2. He ate a hamburger

3. It has not rained

4. They did not go to school.

5. Did she give me a gift?

4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Theory : Structure of sentence

1.       Positive sentences
   • Subject + auxiliary verb + Main Verb (present participle) + object
   • Subject + was/were + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object
If the subject is “he, she, It, I, singular or proper noun” then auxiliary verb “was” is used. If subject is “you, we, they or plural” then auxiliary verb “were” is used.

2.       Negative sentences
   • Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + Main verb (present participle) + object
   • Subject + was/were + NOT + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object
Rules for using auxiliary verb after subject are same as mentioned above.

3.       Interrogative sentences
   • Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb (present participle) + object
   • Was/were + Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object
The interrogative sentence starts with the auxiliary verb. If the subject is “he, she, It, I, singular or proper noun” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “was”. If subject is “you, we, they or plural” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “were”.

Function : It is used to express a continued or ongoing action in past, an ongoing action which occurred in past and completed at some point in past. It expresses an ongoing nature of an action in past. Past continuous tense is also called past progressive. Rules: Auxiliary verb “was or were” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb + ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.

Examples :

1. She was crying yesterday.

2. They were not climbing on a hill.

3. He was working in a factory.

4. Were you waiting for him yesterday?

5. I was not taking exam last month.

B. SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT

Subject verb agreement refers to the fact that the subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number. In other words, they both must be singular or they both must be plural. You can’t have a singular subject with a plural verb or vice versa. The tricky part is in knowing the singular and plural forms of subjects and verbs.

Singular and plural subjects, or nouns, are usually pretty easy. In most cases the plural form of a noun has an “s” at the end. Verbs don’t follow this pattern, though. Adding an “s” to a verb doesn’t make a plural.

Here are some more guidelines for subject verb agreement.

1. When two singular subjects are joined by the words or or nor a singular verb is in order.

2. Two singular subjects joined by either/or or neither/nor also need a singular verb.

3. When the word and connects two or more nouns or pronouns, use a plural verb.

4. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is nearer the verb.

5. When a phrase comes between the subject and verb, the verb has to agree with the subject, not with the noun or pronoun in the phrase.

6. Since doesn’t is a contraction of does not it should be used with a singular subject.

Don’t is a contraction of do not and requires a plural subject.

7. Each, either, each one, everyone, neither, everybody, anyone, anybody, somebody, nobody, someone, and no one are singular so they need a singular verb.

8. Sentences that begin with there is or there are have the subject following the verb since there is not a subject. Therefore, the verb must agree with what follows it.

EXAMPLES :

1. There are many paths to success.

2. There is one road out of town.

3. Each of the girls is qualified for the prize.

4. Neither knows how the competition will end.

5. They don’t know the way home.

6. Mary doesn’t care for pizza.

7. Two of the puppies are whimpering.

8. The birthday boy, along with his friends, is anxious for the party to stop.

9. The athlete or his teammates sprint every day.

10. His teammates or the athlete sprints every day.

C. PRONOUN

Pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun, e.g. he, she, it, they, his, her, him its etc.

Types of Pronoun

There five types of pronoun

1. Personal Pronoun
2. Possessive Pronoun
3. Reflixive Pronoun
4. Relative Pronoun
5. Demonstrative Pronoun

1. Personal Pronouns.

Personal pronoun describes a particular person or thing or group. Personal pronoun describes the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them).

Examples :

1. She is intelligent.

2. They are playing chess.

3. He sent me a letter.

4. It is raining.

5. We love our country.

2. Possessive Pronouns

Possessive Pronoun indicates close possession or ownership or relationship of a thing/person to another thing/person. Possessive adjectives (my, her, your) may be confused with possessive pronouns. Possessive adjective modifies noun in terms of possession. Both possessive adjective and possessive show possession or ownership, but possessive adjective is used (with noun) to modify the noun while Possessive pronoun is used instead (in place of) a noun. e.g. yours, mine, his, hers, ours, theirs, hers,

Examples :

1. That car is hers.

2. Your book is old. Mine is new.

3. The pen on the table is mine.

4. The smallest cup is yours.

5. The voice is hers.

3. Reflexive Pronoun.

Reflexive pronoun describes noun when subject’s action affects the subject itself. e.g himself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves, itself are reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns always act as objects not subjects, and they require an interaction between the subject and an object.

Examples :

1. I looked at myself in the mirror.

2. You should think about yourself.

3. They prepared themselves for completion.

4. She pleases herself by think that she will win the prize.

5. He bought a car for himself.

4. Relative Pronouns.

Relative Pronoun describes a noun which is mentioned before and more information is to be given about it. Or Relative pronoun is a pronoun which joins relative clauses and relative sentences.

Examples :

1. It is the girl who got first position in class.

2. Adjective is a word that modifies noun.

3. The man whom I met yesterday is a nice person.

4. It is the planning that makes succeed.

5. The boy who is laughing is my friend.

5. Demonstrative Pronouns.

Demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that points to a thing or things.
e.g. this, that, these, those, none, neither. These pronouns point to thing or things in short distance/time or long distance/time.

Short distance or time: This, these.
Long distance or time: That, those.

Demonstrative pronouns “this and that” are used for singular thing while “these or those” are used for plural things.

Examples :

1. This is black.

2. That is heavy.

3. Can you see these?

4. Do you like this?

5. John brought these.

Referensi :

http://www.k12reader.com/term/subject-verb-agreement/

http://www.studyandexam.com/pronoun.html

http://www.studyandexam.com/present-simple-tense.html

http://www.studyandexam.com/present-continuous-tense.html

http://www.studyandexam.com/past-simple-tense.html