Tulisan Tentang Hobi

            Saya bernama Annisa Zahra. Seorang perempuan asal bekasi yang berasal dari turunan Aceh-Sunda. Umur saya tahun ini sudah menginjak umur 22 tahun. Saya saat ini kuliah di salah satu universitas swasta di Indonesia yaitu Universitas Gunadarma. Sekarang saya berada di tingkat akhir yaitu semester 7 yang InsyaAllah saya akan mendapatkan gelar sarjana kurang lebih dalam waktu 1 tahun lagi. Amin……

            Setiap orang pasti memiliki hobi di dalam kehidupannya. Saya memiliki banyak hobi, seperti berenang, menonton film, dan terakhir adalah kuliner. Saya hobi berenang karena berenang merupakan suatu cabang olahraga yang dapat memberikan banyak manfaat bagi tubuh kita. Selain itu berenang membantu kita untuk melatih pernafasan serta dapat meninggikan badan. Menonton film juga merupakan hobi saya karena dari film terkadang kita dapat memetik nasehat-nasehat hidup yang baik dan dapat kita implementasikan di dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Film juga dapat melatih daya pikir kita untuk berimajinasi lebih luas tentang film tersebut. Maka dari itu ada beberapa film yang benar-benar kita harus pahami agar kita dapat masuk dan mengerti ke dalam alur cerita  film tersebut.

            Dan yang terakhir hobi saya adalah kuliner. Saya sangat senang untuk mencoba kuliner baru yang sedang banyak diperbincangkan oleh orang-orang sekitar atau rekomendasi dari teman. Begitu pula dengan teman-teman dekat saya juga sangat suka dengan dunia kuliner. Setiap pulang kuliah dan setiap weekend kami menyempatkan waktu untuk mencari kuliner-kuliner baru di sekitar bekasi hingga Jakarta. Saya sangat suka sekali dengan makanan asal negeri sakura yaitu negara Jepang yang bernama sushi. Sekitar bulan September 2016 lalu, saya dan teman-teman pergi ke salah satu mall terbesar di daerah Jakarta selatan yaitu Kota Kasablanka. Disana kami menemukan salah satu tempat kuliner yang baru buka dan menjual sushi satuan dengan berbagai macam toping. Ada toping crab stick, tuna, baby octopus, ebi, tobiko, dan masih banyak lagi. Harganya pun sangat bisa dibilang murah yaitu mulai 3ribu hingga 40ribu. Tetapi untuk sushi satuan dijual dengan harga 3ribu dan 6ribu per sushinya. Dan untuk saya pecinta sushi, sushinya enak dan bikin ketagihan. Walaupun harganya murah tetapi kualitas dan rasanya sangat diperhatikan. Dan saya pasti akan kembali lagi kesana.

            Waktu saya ke Makassar untuk berlibur di rumah tante, saya menyempatkan untuk mencicipi makanan khas dari daerah Makassar seperti pisang epe, coto Makassar, palubutu, sop konro, mie titi, pisang ijo, barongkok pisang dan saya mencari salah satu tempat makan sushi juga. Karena kemanapun saya tidak bisa lepas dari sushi hehehe. Dari hobi kuliner, saya mendapatkan banyak pengalaman baru dan juga suasana baru dalam hal mencicipi makanan. Setiap ada tempat makan yang membuat saya penasaran pasti saya langsung mengajak teman saya untuk datang ke tempat kuliner tersebut. Itulah daftar hobi-hobi saya yang menurut saya banyak memberikan manfaat dan kepuasan tersendiri di dalam hidup saya saat ini dan di saat yang akan datang nanti. 

Degrees of Comparison, Question Words, and 5W+1H in English Newspaper

NAMA :                ANNISA ZAHRA

NPM    :                21213168

KELAS:                3EB24

ASSIGNMENTS

A.      Degrees of Comparison

The Degrees of Comparison in English grammar are made with the Adjective and Adverb words to show how big or small, high or low, more or less, many or few, etc., of the qualities, numbers and positions of the nouns (persons, things and places) in comparison to the others mentioned in the other part of a sentence or expression.

An Adjective is a word which qualifies (shows how big, small, great, many, few, etc.) a noun or a pronoun is in a sentence. An adjective can be attributive (comes before a noun) or predicative (comes in the predicate part):

e.g.  He is a tall man. (‘tall’ —  adjective – attributive)

This man is tall.  (‘tall’ —  adjective – predicative)

An Adverb is a word which adds to the meaning of the main verb (how it is done, when it is done, etc.) of a sentence or expression.

It normally ends with ‘ly’, but there are some adverbs that are without ‘ly’:

e.g.  She ate her lunch quickly.   He speaks clearly.  They type fast.

Kinds of comparison:

1.       POSITIVE DEGREE:

e.g. Tom is tall a boy.

In this sentence the word ‘tall’ is an adjective telling us how Tom is.  There is no other person or thing in this sentence used to compare Tom with, but it is the general way of saying about persons, animals and things that they have some quality (here ‘tallness’) above average in general sense. The adjective word ‘tall’ is said to be  in the “positive form”.

This comparison is called “positive degree” comparison. There are two more comparisons with the ‘positive form’ of the adjective words. They are:

1.       Degree of Equality: This comparison is used to compare two persons, animals or things to tell us that they are equal – having the same quality.

e.g. There are  two cats with the same height and weight, and look the same except for the colour.

Therefore we say:

e.g. The brown cat is as beautiful as the grey cat.  (= Both the cats are the same.)

The word “beautiful” is an adjective in the ‘positive form’, and with the conjunction as…as  it expresses the ‘degree of equality’.

2.        Degree of Inequality: This comparison is used to compare two persons, animals or things to tell us that they are not equal – not having the same quality.

e.g. The brown cat is not so beautiful as the black & white cat.         (= They are not the same.)

The word “beautiful” is an adjective in the ‘positive form’, and with the conjunction so…as (and the negative ‘not’) it expresses the ‘degree of inequality’

Example of Positive Degree :

1.       The task is not as difficult as you imagine.

2.       He drives as carefully as my father in the residential area.

3.       Tom is tall a boy

4.       It is a tall building.

5.       Apple is sweet to taste.

2. COMPARATIVE DEGREE:

e.g. Tom is a tall boy. Tom is taller than his sister.                                               

In the second sentence the word ‘taller’ is an adjective used to compare the ‘tallness’ of these two persons – Tom and his sister – and to tell us that Tom has more of the quality of ‘tallness’.

Therefore, an adjective word which shows the difference of quality between twotwo groups of persons, animals or things is said to be in the ‘comparative form’. persons, animals or things, or. This comparison is called “Comparative Degree”.

There are two more degrees of comparison with the ‘comparative form’ of an adjective. They are:

1.         Parallel Degree: This comparison is used to show that the qualities of two items (adjectives or adverbs) talked about in the given sentence go parallel, i.e. if one quality (adjective or adverb) increases, the other quality (adjective or adverb) increases, and if one quality decreases, the other quality also decreases.

e.g. The bigger the box, the heavier it is.

2.       Progressive Degree: This comparison is used to show that the quality of a thing (adjective or adverb) talked about in the given sentence increases as the time passes, for example:

MON      TUE         WED       THU        FRI          SAT         SUN

25°    →   27° →      30° →    33°  →   35°   →   38°   →    40°

It’s getting hotter and hotter day by day.  [as the time passes the temperature increases] OR The days are getting hotter and hotter.

Example of Comparative Degree:

1.       Tom is a tall boy. Tom is taller than his sister

2.       Your heart is colder than ice.

3.       I ran faster than you did.

4.       This building is taller than any other building.

5.       Apple is sweeter than pear.

3. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE:

e.g.  A musk ox is a large animal. An elephant is larger than a musk ox. The blue whale is the largest of all animals. The blue whale is the largest of all animals in the world.

In this sentence the word (the) ‘largest’ is an adjective used to compare the “largeness” of the blue whale and to tell us that the blue whale has the most quality of ‘largeness’.

This comparison is used to compare one person, animal or thing with more than two persons, animals or things (the rest of the group of more than two), and to say that the particular one has the highest degree of that  particular quality (here the comparison is between the blue whale and the rest of the animals, more than two). The adjective ‘large’ is said to be in the ‘superlative form’. This comparison is called “Superlative Degree”.

Example of Superlative Degree:

1.       The blue whale is the largest of all animals in the world.

2.       Your heart is the coldest of all.

3.       I run the fastest in my class.

4.       This is the tallest building.

5.       Apple is the sweetest fruit.

B.      Question Words

There are a number of words in the English language that are used primarily to make questions; these words are ‘question words’, sometimes known as ‘WH question words’, owing to the fact that all of them start with the letter ‘w’, except one which starts with ‘h’.

1.       What

‘What’ is used when asking for information about something, as in example:

1.        What did you do last evening?

2.       What would you like for dinner?

3.        What did you say when you were caught?

4.       What is your age and name?

2.       When

‘When’ is used when asking for time, as in example:

1.        When do you arrive?

2.        When is the show?

3.       When did that happen?

4.       When did you leave the office yesterday?

3.       Where

‘Where’ is used when asking for place, as in example:

1.       Where do we go now?

2.        Where have you kept the book?

3.        Where do you go for your tuitions?

4.       Where do they live?

4.       Who

‘Who’ is used when asking for identity of person or persons (subject), as in example:

1.       Who is that?

2.       Who wrote Moby Dick?

3.       Who called earlier?

4.       Who opened the door?

5.       Whom

‘Whom’ is used when asking what or which person or people (object), as in example:

Whom did you see?

6.       Whose

‘Whose’ is used when asking about possession, as in example:

1.       Whose car is this?

2.       Whose place are you staying at?

3.       Whose are these shoes?

4.       Whose are these bag?

7.       Which

‘Which’ is used to ask about choice, as in example:

1.       Which flavour of ice cream would you like?

2.       Which route do you think we should take?

3.       Which of the two is better?

4.       Which colour do you want?

8.       Why

‘Why’ is used when asking for reasons, as in example:

1.       Why would you say something like that?

2.       Why does the food smell bad?

3.       Why did you not go for work today?

4.       Why do you say that?

9.        How

‘How’ is used when asking about manner or quality or condition, as in example:

1.       How did you do that?

2.       How was the movie?

3.       How is life?

4.       How does this work?

C.      5W+1H in English Newspaper

Go-Jek cited amid limited innovations at IDB forum

Discussing innovation among less-developed countries is a challenge. (What are the challenges for developing countries?)

Indonesia’s finance minister chose to talk about transportation application Go-Jek to inspire the members of the Islamic Development Bank ( IDB ), many of which are less-developed countries, about a simple yet meaningful innovation. (Who is talking about to inspire the members of the Islamic Development Bank (IDB)?)

Islamic finance is expected to help achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ). More innovation is needed to create sustainable development, but it is a great challenge as most IDB members, which have many SDG targets to achieve, are less-developed countries with limited ability to invest in research and development. (Why Islamic finance is expected to help achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?)

The IDB Group's board of governors chairman, Bambang Brodjonegoro, said the drive for innovation in Islamic finance should come from two elements: competition and limitation. The Indonesian finance minister said simple innovations could result in business and employment. (What was said by Bambang Brodjonegoro as the board of governors chairman in The IDB Group’s of the drive for innovation in Islamic finance?)

"In order to compete, to survive, you can come up with a simple innovation but a very powerful one," Bambang said at the IDB's 41st annual meeting in Jakarta on Wednesday. (When and where he gave  a speech?)

Citing Go-Jek as example, he said the chronic congestion in the capital city had led to a simple innovation involving ojek ( motorcycle taxis ), to help people avoid the traffic. "[…] an Indonesian entrepreneur came up with an innovation to create an application for ojek. We call it Go-Jek, which allows you to order ojek using a cell phone," he explained. (What he cited as an example of an innovation?)

As people responded well, Go-Jek then expanded, providing services from taxis to food delivery, Bambang told the audience. The innovation made living in Jakarta more comfortable, proving that simple innovations do not only mean good business, but also result in people's economic development. (How people respond to the application Go-Jek?)

IDB Group president Ahmad Muhamed Ali acknowledged a disparity in finding such solutions among its 57 member countries as many are less-developed countries. He called on IDB members to catch up by innovating. "We urge member countries to provide investments in research and development and improve human resources," he said. (What solutions provided by the IDB Group President Ahmad Muhamed Ali to catch up with developed countries?)

(ags)

Reference :

http://www.englishleap.com/other-resources/questions-words

http://www.easypacelearning.com/all-lessons/learning-english-level-1/3-wh-question-words-english-grammar-how-to-use-them

https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/wh-question-words.htm

http://www.weblearn.in/degrees_of_comparison/

http://www.weblearneng.com/the-degrees-of-comparison

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-degrees-comparison

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/05/20/go-jek-cited-amid-limited-innovations-at-idb-forum.html

ACTIVE-PASSIVE SENTENCE, RELATIVE/ADJECTIVE CLAUSES, AND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A.      ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE

1.       Active Sentence

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

1.       Once a week, Tom cleans the house.

2.       Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.

3.       Sam repaired the car.

4.       The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.

5.       Many tourists have visited that castle.

2.       Passive Sentence

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples:

1.       Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.

2.       Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.

3.       The car was repaired by Sam.

4.       The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.

5.       That castle has been visited by many tourists.

B.      RELATIVE CLAUSES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

An adjective clause is used to describe a noun. A relative pronoun is usually used to introduce an adjective clause. An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause will meet three requirements:

1.       First, it will contain a subject and verb.

2.       Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].

3.       Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?

The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:

1.       Relative Pronoun or Adverb + Subject + Verb

2.       Relative Pronoun as Subject + Verb

Here are some examples:

1.       Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie ( Relative clauses )

Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject; pleaded = verb.

2.       Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie ( Relative clauses )

Why = relative adverb; Fred = subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].

3.       That bounced across the kitchen floor ( Relative clauses )

That = relative pronoun functioning as subject; bounced = verb.

4.       Who hiccupped for seven hours afterward ( Relative clauses )

Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject; hiccupped = verb.

C.      CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

Type of Conditional Sentences :

1.       THE ZERO CONDITIONAL

The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.

Examples :

If clause                                                               Main Clause

If + simple present                                              simple present

1.       If this thing happens                                     that thing happens.

2.       If you heat ice                                               it melts.

3.       If it rains                                                       the grass gets wet.

4.       If we burn paper                                            it becomes ash.

5.       If babies are hungry                                      they cry

2.       TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.

Examples :

If clause                                                               Main Clause

If + simple present                                              simple future

1.       If this thing happens                                     that thing will happen.

2.       If you don't hurry                                         you will miss the train.

3.       If it rains today                                             you will get wet.

4.       If I meet him                                                 I will introduce myself.

5.       If you don't hurry                                         you will miss the bus.

3.       TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

Examples :

If clause                                                               Main clause

If + simple past                                                   present conditional or present continuous conditional

1.       If this thing happened                                   that thing would happen 

2.       If you went to bed earlier                              you would not be so tired.

3.        it rained                                                        you would get wet.

4.       If I spoke Italian                                            I would be working in Italy.

5.       If it rained tomorrow                                     I would sleep all day.

4.       TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.

Examples :

If clause                                                               Main clause

If + past perfect                                                   perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional

1.       If this thing had happened                            that thing would have happened. 

2.       If you had studied harder                              you would have passed the exam.

3.       If it had rained                                              you would have gotten wet.

4.       If I had accepted that promotion                  I would have been working in Milan.

5.       If you had  to invite me                                I would have attended your party.

References :

http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/conditional/

http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/type-1-conditional/

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/zero-conditional.html

http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/conditional/

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-conditional-sentences

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj.htm

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/adjectiveclause.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html

TENSES, SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT, AND PRONOUN

A.      TENSES

1.       SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Theory : Structure of sentence

1.        Positive Sentence
     • Subject + Main verb + Object
     • Subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object

Note: If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” then “s” or “es” is added to the first form of verb or base form in the sentence.

2.       Negative Sentences
   • Subject + auxiliary verb +NOT + Main verb +object
   • Subject + Do not/Does not + 1st form of verb (or base form) + object

Note: In negative sentence auxiliary verb “do or does” along with “not” is used. If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun”, then “Does not” is used after subject in sentence. If subject is “I, we, they, you or plural” then “Do not” is used after subject in sentence. “s” or “es” is not added to main verb in negative sentence

3.       Interrogative Sentence
   • Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb + Object
   • Do/Does + Subject + 1st for of verb (or base verb) + Object

Note: If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” the sentence is started with Auxiliary verb “Does”. If the subject in a sentence is “I, we, they, you or plural” the sentence is started with auxiliary verb “Do”. “s” or “es” is not added to main verb in Interrogative sentence 

Function : It is used to express an action in present time, habitual or usual actions or daily event or universal fact. It is used to express an action in present time which is usually done on a regular basis. Rules. 1st form of verb or base verb is used as main verb in sentence.

Examples :

1.       She drinks water

2.       I do not listen a music

3.       Does he sing a song?

4.       Sun rises in east

5.       They do not read a book.

2.       PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Theory : Structure of sentence

1.       Positive Sentence
    • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object
    • Subject + am/is/are + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object

If the subject is “I” then auxiliary verb “am” is used after subject in sentence.
If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “is” is used after subject in sentence.
If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “are” is used after subject in sentence.
The participle “ing” is added to the 1st form of verb i.e. going (go) writing (write)

2.       Negative Sentence
   • Subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object
   • Subject + am/is/are + not + (1st form of verb + ing) + object

Rules for using auxiliary verbs (am or is or are) after subject in negative sentences are same as mentioned above.

3.       Interrogative Sentences
    • Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object
    • Am/is/are + Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object

For making interrogative sentences, the sentence is started with auxiliary verb rather than putting auxiliary verb inside the sentence. If the subject is “I” the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “am”. If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “is”. If subject is “You, They or plural” the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “are”.

Function : It is used to express a continued or ongoing action at present time. It expresses an action which is in progress at the time of speaking. Such actions which are happening at time of speaking are expressed by present continuous tense. Present Continuous tense is also called Present progressive tense. Rules. Auxiliary verb “am or is or are” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb + ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.

Examples :

1.       I am listening to the news.

2.       It is raining.

3.       They are playing basketball.

4.       She is not riding on horse

5.       Are you washing your clothes?

3.       SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Theory : Structure of sentences

1.       Positive Sentence
   • Subject + main verb (past simple) + object
   • Subject + 2nd form of verb (past simple) + object

2.       Negative sentences
   • Subject + (auxiliary verb + not) main verb (base form) + object
   • Subject + did not + 1st form of verb or base form + object

In negative sentence “did not” is written and the 1st form of verb (base verb) is used instead of using 2nd form (or past simple verb).

3.       Interrogative sentences
   • Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (base verb) + object
   • Did + subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + object

Interrogative sentence starts with “did” and the 1st form of verb (base verb) is used instead of using 2nd form (or past simple verb).

Function : It is used to express an action that happened or completed in past, usually a very little time before speaking, or action which is just completed. Time of action is not specified in terms of long time ago or short ago but it make a sense that the action has done a little time ago. Rules:2nd form of verb (past simple) is used as main verb in the positive sentences and base form is used in negative and interrogative sentences.

Examples :

1.       I killed a rat

2.       He ate a hamburger

3.       It has not rained

4.       They did not go to school.

5.       Did she give me a gift?

4.       PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Theory :  Structure of sentence

1.       Positive sentences
   • Subject + auxiliary verb + Main Verb (present participle) + object
   • Subject + was/were + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object
If the subject is “he, she, It, I, singular or proper noun” then auxiliary verb “was” is used. If subject is “you, we, they or plural” then auxiliary verb “were” is used.

2.       Negative sentences
   • Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + Main verb (present participle) + object
   • Subject + was/were + NOT + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object
Rules for using auxiliary verb after subject are same as mentioned above.

3.       Interrogative sentences
   • Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb (present participle) + object
   • Was/were + Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object
The interrogative sentence starts with the auxiliary verb. If the subject is “he, she, It, I, singular or proper noun” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “was”. If subject is “you, we, they or plural” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “were”.

Function : It is used to express a continued or ongoing action in past, an ongoing action which occurred in past and completed at some point in past. It expresses an ongoing nature of an action in past. Past continuous tense is also called past progressive. Rules: Auxiliary verb “was or were” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb + ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.

Examples :

1.       She was crying yesterday.

2.       They were not climbing on a hill.

3.       He was working in a factory.

4.        Were you waiting for him yesterday?

5.       I was not taking exam last month.

B.      SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT

Subject verb agreement refers to the fact that the subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number. In other words, they both must be singular or they both must be plural. You can’t have a singular subject with a plural verb or vice versa. The tricky part is in knowing the singular and plural forms of subjects and verbs.

Singular and plural subjects, or nouns, are usually pretty easy. In most cases the plural form of a noun has an “s” at the end. Verbs don’t follow this pattern, though. Adding an “s” to a verb doesn’t make a plural.

Here are some more guidelines for subject verb agreement.

1.  When two singular subjects are joined by the words or or nor a singular verb is in order.

2.  Two singular subjects joined by either/or or neither/nor also need a singular verb.

3.  When the word and connects two or more nouns or pronouns, use a plural verb.

4. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is nearer the verb.

5. When a phrase comes between the subject and verb, the verb has to agree with the subject, not with the noun or pronoun in the phrase.

6. Since doesn’t is a contraction of does not it should be used with a singular subject.

Don’t is a contraction of do not and requires a plural subject.

7. Each, either, each one, everyone, neither, everybody, anyone, anybody, somebody, nobody, someone, and no one are singular so they need a singular verb.

8.  Sentences that begin with there is or there are have the subject following the verb since there is not a subject. Therefore, the verb must agree with what follows it.

EXAMPLES :

1.       There are many paths to success.

2.       There is one road out of town.

3.       Each of the girls is qualified for the prize.

4.       Neither knows how the competition will end.

5.       They don’t know the way home.

6.       Mary doesn’t care for pizza. 

7.       Two of the puppies are whimpering.

8.       The birthday boy, along with his friends, is anxious for the party to stop.

9.       The athlete or his teammates sprint every day.

10.   His teammates or the athlete sprints every day.

C.      PRONOUN

Pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun, e.g. he, she, it, they, his, her, him its etc.

Types of Pronoun 

There five types of pronoun

1. Personal Pronoun
2. Possessive Pronoun
3. Reflixive Pronoun
4. Relative Pronoun
5. Demonstrative Pronoun

1.       Personal Pronouns.

Personal pronoun describes a particular person or thing or group. Personal pronoun describes the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them).

Examples :

1.       She is intelligent.

2.       They are playing chess.

3.       He sent me a letter.

4.       It is raining.

5.       We love our country.

2.       Possessive Pronouns

Possessive Pronoun indicates close possession or ownership or relationship of a thing/person to another thing/person. Possessive adjectives (my, her, your) may be confused with possessive pronouns. Possessive adjective modifies noun in terms of possession. Both possessive adjective and possessive show possession or ownership, but possessive adjective is used (with noun) to modify the noun while Possessive pronoun is used instead (in place of) a noun. e.g. yours, mine, his,  hers, ours, theirs, hers,

Examples :

1.       That car is hers.

2.        Your book is old. Mine is new.

3.       The pen on the table is mine.

4.       The smallest cup is yours.

5.       The voice is hers.

3.       Reflexive Pronoun.

Reflexive pronoun describes noun when subject’s action affects the subject itself.  e.g himself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves, itself  are reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns always act as objects not subjects, and they require an interaction between the subject and an object.

Examples :

1.        I looked at myself in the mirror.

2.       You should think about yourself.

3.       They prepared themselves for completion.

4.       She pleases herself by think that she will win the prize.

5.       He bought a car for himself.

4.       Relative Pronouns.

Relative Pronoun describes a noun which is mentioned before and more information is to be given about it. Or Relative pronoun is a pronoun which joins relative clauses and relative sentences.

 Examples :

1.        It is the girl who got first position in class.

2.       Adjective is a word that modifies noun.

3.       The man whom I met yesterday is a nice person.

4.       It is the planning that makes succeed.

5.       The boy who is laughing is my friend.

5.       Demonstrative Pronouns.

Demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that points to a thing or things.
e.g. this, that, these, those, none, neither. These pronouns point to thing or things in short distance/time or long distance/time.

Short distance or time: This, these.
Long distance or time: That, those.

Demonstrative pronouns “this and that” are used for singular thing while “these or those” are used for plural things.  

Examples :

1.       This is black.

2.       That is heavy.

3.       Can you see these?

4.       Do you like this?

5.       John brought these.

Referensi :

http://www.k12reader.com/term/subject-verb-agreement/

http://www.studyandexam.com/pronoun.html

http://www.studyandexam.com/present-simple-tense.html

http://www.studyandexam.com/present-continuous-tense.html

http://www.studyandexam.com/past-simple-tense.html

http://www.studyandexam.com/past-continuous-tense.html