A.
ACTIVE
AND PASSIVE SENTENCE
1.
Active
Sentence
In active sentences, the thing doing the
action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the
object. Most sentences are active.
[Thing doing
action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
Examples:
1.
Once a week, Tom cleans the
house.
3.
Sam repaired the
car.
4.
The salesman was helping the
customer when the thief came into the store.
5.
Many tourists have visited that
castle.
2.
Passive
Sentence
In
passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the
sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of
the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing
receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also
use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do
not want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing
receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing
action]
Examples:
1.
Once a week, the house is cleaned by
Tom.
2.
Right now, the letter is being written by
Sarah.
3.
The car was repaired by
Sam.
4.
The customer was being helped by
the salesman when the thief came into the store.
5.
That castle has been visited by
many tourists.
B.
RELATIVE CLAUSES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
An adjective
clause is used to describe a noun. A relative pronoun is usually used to
introduce an adjective clause. An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or
relative clause will meet three requirements:
1.
First, it will
contain a subject and verb.
2.
Next, it will
begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative
adverb [when, where, or why].
3.
Finally, it will
function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which
one?
The adjective
clause will follow one of these two patterns:
1.
Relative Pronoun
or Adverb + Subject + Verb
2.
Relative Pronoun
as Subject + Verb
Here are some
examples:
1.
Whose
big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie (
Relative clauses )
Whose = relative
pronoun; eyes = subject; pleaded = verb.
2.
Why
Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie (
Relative clauses )
Why = relative
adverb; Fred = subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part
of the verb].
3.
That
bounced across the kitchen
floor ( Relative clauses )
That = relative
pronoun functioning as subject; bounced = verb.
4.
Who
hiccupped for seven hours
afterward ( Relative clauses )
Who = relative
pronoun functioning as subject; hiccupped = verb.
C.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Conditional
tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened,
and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional
contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences
that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as
"the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually
referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of
constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences
are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional
sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using
"unless" instead of "if".
Type of Conditional Sentences :
1.
THE ZERO
CONDITIONAL
The zero
conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and
the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer
to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple
present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be
replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.
Examples :
If clause Main
Clause
If + simple
present simple present
1.
If this thing
happens that thing happens.
2.
If you heat ice it
melts.
3.
If it rains the
grass gets wet.
4.
If we burn paper it becomes
ash.
5.
If babies are
hungry they
cry
2.
TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL
The type 1
conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is
real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable
result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main
clause is in the simple future.
Examples :
If clause Main
Clause
If + simple
present simple future
1.
If this thing
happens that thing will happen.
2.
If you don't hurry you
will miss the train.
3.
If it rains today you
will get wet.
4.
If I meet him I
will introduce myself.
5.
If you don't hurry you will
miss the bus.
3.
TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL
The type 2
conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation
that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional
is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2
conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause
uses the present conditional.
Examples :
If clause Main clause
If + simple past present
conditional or present continuous conditional
1.
If this thing
happened that thing would happen
2.
If you went to bed
earlier you would not be so tired.
3.
it rained you
would get wet.
4.
If I spoke Italian I would be working in Italy.
5.
If it rained
tomorrow I
would sleep all day.
4.
TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL
The type 3 conditional
is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is
contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is
expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition
and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause
uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
Examples :
If clause Main
clause
If + past perfect perfect
conditional or perfect continuous conditional
1.
If this thing had
happened that thing would have happened.
2.
If you had studied
harder you would have passed the exam.
3.
If it had rained you
would have gotten wet.
4.
If I had accepted
that promotion I would have been
working in Milan.
5.
If you had to invite me I
would have attended your party.
References :
